Views: 134 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2024-03-26 Origin: Site
Their general physical property is to act as organic solvents to dissolve related compounds. If you specifically focus on its functional groups, it can be roughly divided into the following main uses, please refer to it as appropriate.
The main functional group is a carbonyl group, which has a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O, and can undergo reactions such as addition, reduction and halogenation;
The main functional group is an ester group, with a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O-C=O-OR, hydrolysis reaction;
The main functional group is an aromatic ring. It is most commonly used as a non-polar solvent. It can undergo various reactions such as addition, reduction, oxidation and substitution. It is the largest category whether it is used for synthesis or as a solvent;
The main functional group is hydroxyl group, which is very active. Lower alcohols are highly polar and are protic solvents. Higher alcohols are non-polar solvents and are difficult to dissolve in water. Alcohols are used to generate the three most common solvents: polyols, polyesters and esterification reactions. Widely used because its physical properties also have certain antibacterial functions and can be used in the field of medical disinfection;
The main functional group is ether group, ≡C-O-C≡, which is similar to alcohol and very active, and is commonly used as a polar solvent;
This is a relatively complex category, generally referring to oils and fats containing short-chain and long-chain fatty acids, but also includes paraffin (grease), silicone (silicone grease) and some special glycerides such as ODO (octane). Glyceryl caprate, an edible fat), etc. can also be included, so there is no specific functional group. Their uses are usually in the fields of lubrication, mold release and defoaming.
Esters are produced by the esterification reaction of inorganic or organic acids and alcohols to remove water. Esters can also be generated by the reaction of alcohol or phenol with acid halide or acid anhydride, alcohol with ketenes, free acid with aliphatic diazo derivatives. The hydrogen on the α-carbon in the ester molecule loses a molecule of alcohol with another ester molecule under alkaline conditions to form a β-ketoester, which is called an ester condensation reaction. For example, ethyl acetate produces ethyl acetoacetate through an ester condensation reaction. This reaction is extremely important in organic synthesis.
The name of the ester is based on the name of the corresponding carboxylic acid and alcohol or phenol, such as "a certain acid and a certain ester". Cyclic esters are called lactones. The chemical properties of esters are similar to those of acid halide anhydrides, and they are prone to hydrolysis, alcoholysis and aminolysis reactions. Lower esters are aromatic and volatile colorless liquids, while higher esters are solids. Esters are important solvents and synthetic raw materials, and some esters themselves are medicines. According to the type of acid, esters can be divided into inorganic acid esters and organic acid esters, the former such as methyl hydrogen sulfate CH3OSO3H, the latter such as ethyl acetate CH3COOCH2CH3; according to the type of hydrocarbon group, esters can be divided into aliphatic esters, aromatic esters and cyclic esters. Esters, ethyl acetate is a fatty ester, phenyl acetate is an aromatic ester, and methyl furoate is a cyclic ester.
Esters are generally neutral colorless liquids. The esters produced by aliphatic hydrocarbons and saturated alcohols have a fruity aroma and are soluble in water, but some are difficult to dissolve in water. Some esters have low flash points and are often flammable. Vapors can be absorbed through the respiratory tract, and liquid esters can be absorbed through the skin. After absorption, it dissolves in plasma, part of it is excreted through the lungs and kidneys, and part of it is hydrolyzed and transferred to the normal metabolic process. Except for a few types of ester compounds that are highly toxic and highly toxic, most of them are slightly toxic to moderately toxic, and many are non-toxic. There are 38 kinds of esters in the aroma components of tea. Mainly include: ① Fatty ester: generated from alcohol and fat, such as ethyl acetate, hexenyl hexenoate. ②Aromatic ester: generated from alcohol and aromatic acid, such as cis-3-hexenyl benzoate. ③Cyclic ester: generated from alcohol and cyclic acid, such as methyl jasmonate. Esters are generally neutral substances that hydrolyze to form alcohols and acids. Those with low carbon numbers are usually liquids with fragrance, while those with high carbon numbers are liquids and solids that are insoluble in water.
Methyl formate - also known as methyl formate, is a colorless flammable liquid with a pleasant ether smell, partially soluble in water, and can be mixed with ether, alcohol, etc., and can dissolve cellulose ethers and esters. If mixed with other ether solvents or low-volatile halogenated hydrocarbons, its solubility will be better.
Usage: Used as a raw material for organic synthesis to produce formic acid, formamide, dimethylformamide, etc.; used in the production of pesticides, military gases and solvents; used as fungicides, fumigants, tobacco treatment, etc.
Ethyl formate - also known as ethyl formate, is a colorless, volatile and flammable liquid with a peach kernel-like aroma. It is partially soluble in water and miscible with most solvents such as alcohol, ether, and benzene. When exposed to water, it easily decomposes to form formic acid.
Usage: As an excellent solvent for nitrocellulose and acetate cellulose; as a preservative, fumigant and insecticide for tobacco, dried fruits and cereals.
Propyl formate - also known as propyl formate, is a colorless liquid with aroma, slightly soluble in water, and miscible with most solvents such as alcohol and ether.
Usage: Can be used as solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate and cellulose ether.
Isopropyl formate - also known as isopropyl formate, is a colorless and transparent liquid, slightly soluble in water, and can be freely miscible with solvents such as ether and alcohol.
Usage: Can be used as solvent for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate.
Butyl formate - also known as butyl formate, is a colorless, flammable liquid with an aroma similar to butyl acetate. It is almost insoluble in water and is miscible with most organic solvents.
Usage: As a solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose ethers and various natural and synthetic resins, it can also be used as an intermediate and perfume.
Isobutyl formate - also known as isobutyl formate, is a colorless and transparent liquid, slightly soluble in water, and miscible with organic solvents such as alcohol and ether.
Usage: Used as a solvent for cellulose, resins and paints, as well as in the manufacture of spices, pesticides and organic synthesis.
Isoamyl formate - also known as isoamyl formate, is a colorless liquid with a fruity aroma. It is almost insoluble in water and can be freely miscible with organic solvents such as alcohol and ether.
Usage: Used as organic solvent for the manufacture of spices, fumigation pesticides and fungicides.
Benzyl formate - also known as benzyl formate, is a colorless liquid with a fruity aroma, almost insoluble in water, and miscible with alcohol, ether, benzene and other solvents.
Usage: As an industrial solvent, it can be used as solvents such as nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, stearic acid, and quick glue paint.
Methyl acetate - also known as methyl acetate, is a colorless liquid with a fruity aroma of ester. It is very flammable and unstable and is more susceptible to hydrolysis than other acetates.
Usage: It can be used as a solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, various resins and greases, and is often used in the manufacture of artificial leather.
Ethyl acetate - also known as ethyl acetate, is a colorless, transparent and flammable liquid with a special fruity smell. It is partially soluble in water and miscible with most organic solvents. It easily decomposes into acetic acid and ethanol when exposed to water.
Usage: It can be used as fruit flavor, and as a solvent for nitrocellulose and paint; it can also be used in the manufacture of smokeless gunpowder, photographic film, spices, etc.; it can also be used as a fabric cleaner.
Ethyl acetoacetate—alias: ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl butylacetate, a colorless liquid with a pleasant aroma, slightly soluble in water, and miscible with general organic solvents.
Usage: It can be used as a raw material for organic synthesis. It is used in medicine to synthesize aminopyraline, vitamin B, etc. It is also used in the preparation of azo yellow dyes, and is also used to blend apple flavors and other fruity flavors.
N-propyl acetate—also known as n-propyl acetate, is a colorless liquid with a fruity aroma, slightly soluble in water, and miscible with organic solvents such as alcohol and ether.
Usage: Can be used as a solvent and as a low boiling point component in the formulation of nitrocellulose paint.
Isopropyl acetate - also known as crude isopropyl acetate, is a colorless liquid with a pleasant fruity aroma, slightly soluble in water, and miscible with solvents such as alcohol and ether.
Usage: Used as a solvent, widely used in the paint industry, and can also be used to make plastics, artificial leather, films, adhesives, etc.
n-Butyl acetate - also known as n-butyl acetate, is a colorless liquid with a fruity aroma, slightly soluble in water, and can be freely miscible with organic solvents such as alcohols, ethers, ketones, esters, and benzene.
Usage: As a good solvent for nitrocellulose, it can also be used to make nitrocellulose paint, artificial leather, photographic films, plastics, etc.
Isobutyl acetate - also known as isobutyl acetate, is a colorless liquid with a slightly fruity aroma. It is difficult to dissolve in water and can be mixed with most organic solvents. Its solubility is similar to n-butyl acetate and sec-butyl acetate.
Usage: It can be used as flavoring agent and solvent, and can also be used as a substitute for methyl isobutyl ketone.
Sec-butyl acetate - also known as sec-butyl acetate, is a colorless liquid with a fruity aroma unique to low-grade acetate. It is difficult to dissolve in water and is miscible with organic solvents such as alcohol and ether.
Usage: Mainly used as paint solvents, thinners, various vegetable oils and resin solvents; it can also be used in the manufacture of plastics and spices; it can also be used as gasoline anti-knock agent; it can also be used as solvents and chemical reagents.
Amyl acetate—also known as amyl acetate, is a colorless liquid with an aroma similar to banana and pear. Almost insoluble in water, miscible with oil, hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, esters, etc., can dissolve camphor, resin, wax, rosin, etc., and is a good solvent for cellulose derivatives.
Usage: Widely used as nitrocellulose solvent, and can also be used in the manufacture of artificial leather, coatings, food industry, etc.
Isoamyl acetate - also known as banana oil, is a colorless neutral liquid with the aroma of banana and pear. It is slightly soluble in water and miscible with organic solvents such as alcohol, ether, and ester.
Usage: Its alcohol solution can be used as a flavoring agent for food, syrup, mineral water, etc., and is also a solvent for cellulose, nitrocellulose paint, camphor, gelatin, film, etc.
Methyl amyl acetate - also known as methyl amyl acetate and 4-methyl-2-pentyl acetate, is a colorless liquid with a weak fruity aroma and is almost insoluble in water. It can mix with benzene, alcohol, ether and other organic compounds. Solvent miscibility.
Usage: Can be used as a good solvent for making nitrocellulose paint.
Cyclohexyl acetate - also known as cyclohexyl acetate and hexahydrophenyl acetate, is a colorless liquid with a pleasant aroma, almost insoluble in water, and miscible with organic solvents such as alcohol and ether.
Usage: As a good solvent for nitrocellulose, it has strong dissolving power for alkaline dyes, oxidized oils, natural resins, raw rubber, shellac paint, synthetic resins, etc.
Methylcyclohexyl acetate—also known as methylcyclohexyl acetate and methylhexahydrophenyl acetate, is a colorless liquid with a slight aroma and is not miscible with water.
Usage: Used as a solvent for rubber, dyes, greases, and resins, and also used to prepare varnish, etc.
Benzyl acetate - also known as benzyl acetate, is a colorless liquid with a jasmine-like aroma. It is insoluble in water and miscible with organic solvents such as alcohol and ether.
Usage: Mainly used as the main component of jasmine and other extracts, used to make spices and high-boiling point solvents of nitrocellulose or cellulose acetate, and can also be used to make polishes, inks and paint removers.
Methyl propionate—appears as a colorless liquid with aroma, slightly soluble in water, and miscible with most organic solvents.
Usage: Commonly used as a solvent for nitrocellulose, nitrocellulose spray paint, coatings, varnishes, etc. It can also be used as a solvent for spices and condiments, and as an intermediate for organic synthesis.
Ethyl propionate is an organic compound, a colorless liquid with a pear aroma, slightly soluble in water, and miscible with most solvents.
Usage: It can be used to prepare edible flavors such as bananas, pineapples, cream, raw pears, bubble gum, jackfruit, rum, apples, grapes, peaches, tropical fruits, etc. It can also be used in tobacco and wine flavors, and can also be used as fiber. Solvents for plain esters, ethers, resins, and paint-making industries, and also used in organic synthesis.
Propyl propionate—a colorless liquid with a fruity aroma, hardly soluble in water, and miscible with organic solvents such as ether and alcohol.
Usage: An excellent solvent widely used in the coating and ink industry.
n-Butyl propionate—also known as butyl propionate and n-butyl propionate, is a colorless liquid with an apple aroma, is insoluble in water, and is miscible with most organic solvents.
Usage: As a solvent for nitrocellulose, natural and synthetic resins, it can be used as a paint solvent, and it is also used in fragrance manufacturing.
Amyl propionate - colorless liquid with apple aroma, insoluble in water, can be mixed with oils, hydrocarbons and most organic solvents, and has good stability.
Usage: As a solvent for nitrocellulose paint, resin, coumarone, etc., it cannot be used for cellulose acetate, hard natural resin, shellac paint, etc.
Methyl butyrate - also known as methyl butyrate, is a colorless liquid with a fruity aroma. It is difficult to dissolve in water and is miscible with organic solvents such as alcohol and ether.
Usage: In addition to being used as a solvent for resins and paints, it is also used as a raw material for artificial sweet wine and fruit flavors; it can also be used as a solvent and organic synthesis.
Ethyl butyrate - a colorless liquid with a pineapple aroma, insoluble in water and miscible with most organic solvents.
Usage: Widely used in food flavor formulations, such as banana, pineapple, etc., and can be used to prepare a variety of fruity flavors and other flavors. Its alcoholic solution is pineapple oil.
n-Butyl butyrate - colorless liquid, with a fruity aroma, slightly irritating to the nose and throat, almost insoluble in water, and can be mixed with most organic solvents.
Usage: Can be used as a solvent for nitrocellulose, shellac paint, etc.
Methyl lactate - also known as methyl 2-hydroxypropionate, is a colorless liquid that is miscible with water and most organic solvents. Usage: As a solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate and cellulose levulinate, it can be used in paints to obtain good fluidity and moisture resistance.
Ethyl lactate - also known as ethyl 2-hydroxypropionate, is a colorless liquid with a mild aroma, miscible with water, and also miscible with alcohols, esters, ketones, hydrocarbons, and oils, and has a strong of solubility.
Usage: Mainly used for blending apple, pineapple, caramel, frankincense and other food flavors. It is also used in wine flavors such as rum and liquor. It can also be used as a solvent for cellulose esters, resins, coatings, etc.
N-butyl lactate - also known as 2-hydroxybutyl propionate, is a colorless liquid with a slight odor, slightly soluble in water, and miscible with most organic solvents such as alcohol, ether, benzene, and grease.
Usage: It can be used as a solvent in the paint industry, in the manufacture of wax paper, and as a solvent for lithographic printing ink.
Amyl lactate - also known as 2-hydroxyamyl propionate, is a colorless liquid with a pleasant aroma. It is difficult to dissolve in water and is miscible with organic solvents such as alcohol and ether. Usage: Can be used as solvent and perfume.
Diethyl oxalate—colorless liquid with slight odor, slightly soluble in water and gradually decomposed, miscible with organic solvents such as alcohol, ether, and benzene.
Usage: It can be used as a solvent for cellulose esters and ethers, natural and artificial resins, and as an intermediate in the perfume, pharmaceutical and dye manufacturing industries.
Dibutyl oxalate is a colorless liquid with a slight odor. It precipitates oxalic acid after hydrolysis. It is insoluble in water and is miscible with alcohols, ketones, greases, hydrocarbons, etc.
Usage: Can be used as a solvent for benzyl rosin acid, cellulose ester and ether.
Dipentyl oxalate—colorless oily liquid, insoluble in water, miscible with organic solvents such as alcohols, ethers, and esters.
Usage: It can be used as a solvent for nitrocellulose paint, alkyd resin, nitrocellulose and shellac paint, etc. It can also be used as a plasticizer and paint remover.
Diethyl carbonate - also known as ethyl carbonate, is a colorless liquid with a slightly fruity aroma. It is almost insoluble in water and can be freely miscible with organic solvents such as alcohol and ether.
Usage: Mainly used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical synthesis, and also as a solvent for resins, oils, nitrocellulose and cellulose ethers.
Tributyl phosphate - colorless and odorless liquid, slightly soluble in water, miscible with most organic solvents, releases highly toxic phosphorus oxide fumes when heated and decomposed, and can react violently with oxidants.
Usage: It can be used as plasticizer for cellulose, nitrocellulose paint, plastic and vinyl resin, etc. It can also be used as extraction agent.
Ethyl benzoate - also known as ethyl benzoate, is a colorless liquid with aromatic odor, almost insoluble in water, and miscible with alcohol, ether, chloroform, etc.
Usage: Often used in heavier floral fragrances, especially ylang-ylang, and other fragrances such as carnation and tuberose. It is also suitable for preparing non-floral essences such as mowing grass and fragrant rosewood. It can be used together with Cistus products for leather fragrance. It is also used as a food flavoring, and can be used in fresh fruit, berry, and nut flavors, such as banana, cherry, plum, grape and other flavors, as well as tobacco and wine flavors. Used as a solvent for cellulose esters, cellulose ethers, resins, etc.
Isopropyl benzoate - also known as 1-methylethyl benzoate and benzoin isopropyl ether, is a colorless liquid with aroma, almost insoluble in water, and miscible with organic solvents such as alcohol and ether.
Usage: High boiling point solvent, used as polymerization inhibitor and for manufacturing fragrances.
Ethyl salicylate—colorless liquid with aroma, which turns yellow-brown after long-term storage. It is slightly soluble in water and miscible with organic solvents such as alcohol and ether.
Usage: Used to prepare daily soap essences, and also used in pharmaceuticals. It is also widely used in the fields of organic synthesis, medicine, synthetic fragrances, and industrial solvents.
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